C. A. Abuka, M. Atingi-ego, J. Opolot, and P. Okello, Determinants of Poverty Vulnerability in Uganda, vol.980635, 2007.

C. Ackah, Nonfarm Employment and Incomes in Rural Ghana, Journal of International Development, vol.25, issue.3, pp.325-339, 2013.

R. H. Adams, Non-farm income and inequality in rural Pakistan: A decomposition analysis, The Journal of Development Studies, vol.31, issue.1, pp.110-133, 1994.

C. B. Barrett, T. Reardon, and P. Webb, Nonfarm income diversification and household livelihood strategies in rural Africa: Concepts, dynamics, and policy implications, Food Policy, vol.26, issue.4, pp.315-331, 2001.

R. Barros, L. Fox, and R. Mendonça, Female-Headed Households, Poverty, and the Welfare of Children in Urban Brazil, Economic Development and Cultural Change, vol.45, issue.2, pp.231-257, 1997.

S. Becker and A. Ichino, Estimation of average treatment effects based on propensity scores, Stata Journal, vol.2, issue.4, pp.358-377, 2002.

M. V. Berg and G. E. Kumbi, Poverty and the rural nonfarm economy in Oromia, Ethiopia. Agricultural Economics, vol.35, issue.s3, pp.469-475, 2006.

A. D. Beyene, Determinants of off-farm participation decision of farm households in Ethiopia, Agrekon, vol.47, issue.1, pp.140-161, 2008.

A. Bigsten, B. Kebede, A. Abebe, and M. Taddesse, Growth and Poverty blueuction in Ethiopia: Evidence from Household Panel Surveys, World Development, vol.31, issue.1, pp.87-106, 2003.

M. Buvinic and G. R. Gupta, Female-Headed Households and Female-Maintained Families: Are They Worth Targeting to blueuce Poverty in Developing Countries? Economic Development and Cultural Change, vol.45, pp.259-280, 1997.

L. Corral and T. Reardon, Rural Nonfarm Incomes in Nicaragua, World Development, vol.29, issue.3, pp.427-442, 2001.

B. Davis, P. Winters, T. Reardon, and K. Stamoulis, Rural nonfarm employment and farming: Household-level linkages, Agricultural Economics, vol.40, issue.2, pp.119-123, 2009.

A. De-janvry and E. Sadoulet, Income Strategies Among Rural Households in Mexico: The Role of Off-farm Activities, World Development, vol.29, issue.3, pp.467-480, 2001.

A. De-janvry and E. Sadoulet, Progress in the Modeling of Rural Households' Behavior under Market Failures, 2003.

A. Dejanvry and E. Sadoulet, Progress in the Modeling of Rural Households' Behavior under Market Failures, Poverty, Inequality and Development: Essays in Honor of Erik Thorbecke, pp.155-181, 2006.

A. Dejanvry, E. Sadoulet, and N. Zhu, The Role of Non-Farm Incomes in blueucing Rural Poverty and Inequality in China, 2005.

S. F. Dedehouanou, A. Araar, A. Ousseini, A. L. Harouna, and M. Jabir, Spillovers from Off-Farm Self-Employment Opportunities in Rural Niger, World Development, vol.105, pp.428-442, 2018.

S. Dedehouanou, A. Ousseini, L. H. Abdoulaziz, and M. Jabir, Spillovers from off-farm self-employment opportunities in rural Niger, pp.2016-2024, 2016.

K. Deininger and P. Olinto, Rural Nonfarm Employment and Income Diversification in Colombia, World Development, vol.29, issue.3, pp.455-465, 2001.

S. Dercon, Growth and shocks: Evidence from rural Ethiopia, Journal of Development Economics, vol.74, issue.2, pp.309-329, 2004.

S. Dercon, J. Hoddinott, and T. Woldehanna, Shocks and Consumption in 15 Ethiopian Villages, Journal of African Economies, vol.14, issue.4, pp.559-585, 1999.

M. Diop, S. Ouldbaheida, and C. Ouldabdellahi, Étude sur l'agriculture familialè a petiteéchelle au Proche-Orient et Afrique du Nord, Pays focus: Mauritanie -FAO, 2017.

F. Ellis, Household strategies and rural livelihood diversification, The Journal of Development Studies, vol.35, issue.1, pp.1-38, 1998.

J. Escobal, The Determinants of Nonfarm Income Diversification in Rural Peru, World Development, vol.29, issue.3, pp.497-508, 2001.

. Fews-net, Mauritania -Famine Early Warning Systems Network, 2013.

D. Filmer and L. H. Pritchett, Estimating Wealth Effects without Expenditure Data-or Tears: An Application to Educational Enrollments in States of India. Demography, vol.38, pp.115-132, 2001.

J. Foster, J. Greer, and E. Thorbecke, A Class of Decomposable Poverty Measures, Econometrica, vol.52, issue.3, pp.761-766, 1984.

J. Gibson and S. Olivia, The Effect of Infrastructure Access and Quality on Non-Farm Enterprises in Rural Indonesia, World Development, vol.38, issue.5, pp.717-726, 2010.

A. Gordon and C. Craig, Rural non-farm activities and poverty alleviation in sub-Saharan Africa, NRI Policy Series, vol.14, 2001.

R. Hernandez, T. Reardon, and Z. Guan, Rural Nonfarm Employment and Agricultural Modernization and Diversification in Guatemala, Annual Meeting, 2010.

R. V. Hill and C. Porter, Vulnerability to Drought and Food Price Shocks: Evidence from Ethiopia, World Development, issue.C, pp.65-77, 2017.

T. X. Hoang, C. S. Pham, and M. A. Uluba?oglu, Non-Farm Activity, Household Expenditure, and Poverty blueuction in Rural Vietnam, World Development, vol.64, issue.C, pp.554-568, 2002.

J. Hoddinott, Shocks and their consequences across and within households in Rural Zimbabwe, The Journal of Development Studies, vol.42, issue.2, pp.301-321, 2006.

S. T. Holden, J. E. Taylor, and S. Hampton, Structural adjustment and market imperfections: A stylized village economy-wide model with non-separable farm households, Environment and Development Economics, vol.4, issue.1, pp.69-87, 1999.

I. Jazairy, M. Alamgir, and T. Panuccio, The State of World Rural Poverty, 1992.

Y. Kijima, T. Matsumoto, and T. Yamano, Nonfarm employment, agricultural shocks, and poverty dynamics: Evidence from rural Uganda, Agricultural Economics, vol.35, issue.s3, pp.459-467, 2006.

S. Kossoudji and E. Mueller, The Economic and Demographic Status of Female-Headed Households in Rural Botswana, Economic Development and Cultural Change, vol.31, issue.4, pp.831-859, 1983.

J. O. Lanjouw and P. Lanjouw, The rural non-farm sector: Issues and evidence from developing countries, Agricultural Economics, vol.26, issue.1, pp.1-23, 2001.

P. Lanjouw, Rural Nonagricultural Employment and Poverty in Ecuador. Economic Development and Cultural Change, vol.48, pp.91-122, 1999.

P. Lanjouw and R. Murgai, Poverty Decline, Agricultural Wages, And Non-Farm Employment, pp.1983-2004, 2009.

S. Lastarría-cornhiel, Female Farmers and Agricultural Production in El Salvador, Development and Change, vol.19, issue.4, pp.585-615, 1988.

H. Lofgren and S. Robinson, To Trade or Not to Trade? Non-Separable Farm Household Models in Partial and General Equilibrium, 1999.

J. Marzin, Etude sur l'agriculture familialeà petiteéchelle au Proche-Orient et Afrique du Nord, 2017.

I. Matshe and T. Young, Off-farm labour allocation decisions in small-scale rural households in Zimbabwe, Agricultural Economics, vol.30, issue.3, pp.175-186, 2004.

M. Y. Mughal, Remittances as development strategy: Stepping stones or slippery slope, Journal of International Development, vol.25, pp.583-595, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01885295

P. Nagler and W. Naudé, Non-farm entrepreneurship in rural sub-Saharan Africa: New empirical evidence, Food Policy, vol.67, issue.C, pp.175-191, 2017.

. Ons, Situation de l'Emploi et du Secteur Informel en Mauritanie en. Office Nationale de la statistique, 2012.

. Ons, Situation de l'emploi et du secteur informel en Mauritanie en 2012. Office Nationale de la statistique, 2014.

, Situation de l'Emploi et du Secteur Informel en Mauritanie en 2017. ONS, Mauritanie. Office Nationale de la statistique, ONS, 2017.

, PROFIL DE LA PAUVRETE EN MAURITANIE -2008 (EPCV), ONS, 2009.

G. Oseni and P. Winters, Rural nonfarm activities and agricultural crop production in Nigeria, Agricultural Economics, vol.40, issue.2, pp.189-201, 2009.

V. Owusu, A. Abdulai, and S. Abdul-rahman, Non-farm Work and Food Security among Farm Households in Northern Ghana, Food Policy, vol.36, issue.2, pp.108-118, 2011.

C. Porter, Shocks, Consumption and Income Diversification in Rural Ethiopia, The Journal of Development Studies, vol.48, issue.9, pp.1209-1222, 2012.

S. K. Qureshi and G. M. Arif, Profile of Poverty in Pakistan, p.5, 2001.

T. F. Randolph, E. Schelling, D. Grace, C. F. Nicholson, J. L. Leroy et al., Invited Review: Role of livestock in human nutrition and health for poverty blueuction in developing countries, Journal of Animal Science, vol.85, issue.11, pp.2788-2800, 2007.

E. J. Rao and M. Qaim, Supermarkets, Farm Household Income, and Poverty: Insights from Kenya, World Development, vol.39, issue.5, pp.784-796, 2011.

T. Reardon, Using evidence of household income diversification to inform study of the rural nonfarm labor market in, Africa. World Development, vol.25, issue.5, pp.735-747, 1997.

T. Reardon, C. Delgado, and P. Matlon, Determinants and effects of income diversification amongst farm households in Burkina Faso, The Journal of Development Studies, vol.28, issue.2, pp.264-296, 1992.

T. Reardon, K. Stamoulis, and P. Pingali, Rural nonfarm employment in developing countries in an era of globalization, Agricultural Economics, vol.37, issue.s1, pp.173-183, 2007.

B. Rijkers and R. Costa, Gender and rural non-farm entrepreneurship (No. WPS6066, pp.1-68, 2012.

P. R. Rosenbaum, Covariance Adjustment in Randomized Experiments and Observational Studies, Statistical Science, vol.17, issue.3, pp.286-327, 2002.

I. Singh, Agricultural household models: Extensions, applications, and policy (No. 11179, 1986.

D. Start, The Rise and Fall of the Rural Non-farm Economy: Poverty Impacts and Policy Options, Development Policy Review, vol.19, issue.4, pp.491-505, 2001.

, Islamic Republic of Mauritania Poverty Dynamics and Social Mobility, 2008.

, Mauritanie: Transformation de la trajectoire de l'emploi des jeunes vulnérables (No. 125037, The World Bank, pp.1-93, 2018.

, Agriculture and Food, The World Bank, 2019.

, World Bank Annual Report, The World Bank, 2019.

P. K. Thornton, R. L. Kruska, N. Henninger, P. M. Kristjanson, R. S. Reid et al., Mapping poverty and livestock in the developing world, 2002.

M. Tienda, S. O. Salazar, and ;. Extensos, , vol.16, pp.64-89, 1982.

A. Timothy, Rural Non-Farm Incomes and Poverty blueuction in Nigeria, 2011.

M. Upton, The Role of Livestock in Economic Development and Poverty blueuction, 2004.

S. Vyas and L. Kumaranayake, Constructing socio-economic status indices: How to use principal components analysis, Health Policy and Planning, vol.21, issue.6, pp.459-468, 2006.

F. Wouterse and J. E. Taylor, Migration and Income Diversification: Evidence from Burkina Faso, World Development, vol.36, issue.4, pp.625-640, 2008.

Y. A. Zereyesus, W. T. Embaye, F. Tsiboe, and V. Amanor-boadu, Implications of Non-Farm Work to Vulnerability to Food Poverty-Recent Evidence from Northern Ghana, World Development, pp.113-124, 2017.